Leigh Gardner, Taxing Colonial Africa: The Political Economy of British Imperialism (Oxford U. Press, 2012). Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Africa and the Legacy of late Colonialism (Princeton ...

Political and economic instability are on the rise ... For example, former Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe was celebrated as a pan-African leader for his strong stance against western imperialism.

An example is South Africa’s Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF ... China and South Africa—as a counterweight to imperialism. He defines BRICS as “a progressive and forward-looking” group ...

Achcar, G. 2013. The People Want: A Radical Exploration of the Arab Uprising. Berkeley: University of California Press. Achcar, G. 2023. The New Cold War: The United States, Russia, and China from ...

The Alliance of Sahel States (AES) withdraws from ECOWAS and continues initiatives for independence, regional integration, and defensive cooperation.

1988/ 2 (1998): 207-295. Leigh Gardner, Taxing Colonial Africa: The Political Economy of British Imperialism (Oxford U. Press, 2012), Fouad Makki, "Postcolonial Africa and the World Economy: The Long ...