The Friendship Nine changed the civil rights movement in 1961 by choosing prison rather than paying a fine for a sit-in at a ...

Civil rights era veterans share the danger and horror of standing up to white supremacy. They were sentenced to 30 days on a chain gang. In 1961, the “jail-no-bail” movement cost no money and ...

Their “jail no bail” tactic dramatized their moral commitment and changed the direction of the civil rights movement. Within days, protesters in other cities followed suit, their incarceration ...