NOR, XOR and XNOR). Electronic gates operate on two nominal voltages, normally 0 V and 5 V, representing the logic 0 and the logic 1, respectively. The AND gate has two inputs A and B.

all-optical logic gates utilize light to perform logical operations. This shift to optical technology is driven by the need for faster data processing and transmission, particularly as the demand ...

Any typical digital design style with CMOS uses complementary pairs of p-type and n-type MOSFETs for logic functions implementation. Naturally, CMOS always ought to provide INVERTED outputs like ...